Huck Finn Themes free essay sample

Huck Finn Essays In the book Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain deals with three different themes throughout the story. He uses these themes to show you the growth and development not only in a young boy in but also society as a whole. The themes shown all through this book include: conflict between society and individuals, Huck’s death and rebirth, and loneliness and isolation. Conflict between society and individuals, was something that could be found anywhere in this story. One situation that comes to the mind right away is the way that everyone looked upon the African Americans as a whole. At the beginning of this story Huck and Tom Sawyer decided to play a trick on Jim, (who happens to be a slave) and use Jim’s strong belief in superstitions against him. They decided to tie him up and tell him that witches came, all the while both children are laughing at what they had done to this â€Å"stupid† slave. We will write a custom essay sample on Huck Finn Themes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another thing that comes to my mind is just the fact that Huck had to lie everywhere they went in order for Jim not to be taken away and sent back to Miss Watson. Even until the end Huck was lying to society to keep Jim with him and get him to freedom. Those two examples, best illustrate the conflict between society and individuals in this story. The death and rebirth of Huck is another theme that is shown in this book. Through the entire book Huck grows not only physically but mentally as well. I think the death that Twain was showing was in the beginning of the story when Huck seemed to be so unhappy and things only got worse for him. After being unhappy but grateful for Miss Watson and Widow Douglas, Huck is taken away and goes to live with his father. The way that his father treated him when they were together was horrible and Huck might have been better off dead. I think that is where Huck died on the inside, he lost hope of ever getting away for his Pap. I think his rebirth was when he was on his journey, the minute he got away was when his rebirth began. On this trip he would not only learn to fend for himself but also, he would become a new person completely. Huck’s death and rebirth was an important theme in this book. Loneliness and isolation is the third theme of this book, and one in which I feel is hard to find inner mix in the story. The loneliness I feel that is shown in this book would be Huck’s overall feeling about live. His father was a drunk and he had to be taken in by a new family. I think that when Huck is with his Pap in the cabin is when the loneliness is the strongest for Huck. Day in and day out he was left all alone and locked in a cabin, and sometimes he was locked up for days, only to find his Pap would come home drunk and usually became abusive to his son. Isolation I think is a little bit harder to find in this book, I guess the one situation that sticks out most in my mind right now would be all the times when Jim was left by himself, waiting for Huck to come back. I think that, even though it was never really said, that Jim had to have felt isolated by his color. Because of this he would have to stay behind on their raft, while Huck went out into the towns. There is no doubt in my mind that he didn’t feel this isolation and wish he could change it or do something about it. Although not as strong of a theme as the first two, I still can see this theme in Huckleberry Finn. After reading this book I feel that Mark Twain was concerned with these issues because they were important issues of the time of this book. The isolation, and conflict that there was for blacks, I think was big deal to Twain, not only because they were important at the time, but because it was something that was not right and should have never taken place. I think he wants us to see the wrong in doing such things in hopes that we can change what will happen in the future and not to have history repeat itself. I think that Huck’s death and rebirth is important because he was showing how Huck changed his views on life and the people around him for the better. I think that the loneliness also ties in with isolation and conflict because it was also something that was felt by most blacks and once again was something that should not have taken place. This is why I feel that Mark Twain chose these themes for his book. Overall I think that Twain, showed his themes throughout this book wonderfully. He got his point across and somehow ended up with a great adventure story.

Sample College Essay Responses

Sample College Essay ResponsesSample college essay responses are always a wonderful way to show off your academic skills. The best thing about a sample is that it can be easily used as a template for future essays or even just for practice. One of the things that you want to make sure that you include in your sample college essay responses is that they are positive. Making them positive, and not just factual, will help you in your writing by having a clearer focus on the topic.This also allows you to highlight your own strengths as well as your own weaknesses when writing your sample college essay responses. When you are writing an essay for college, it is critical that you write about yourself. It is essential that you make sure that you have included information about yourself that could really help to relate to the situation you are addressing. Keep in mind that there is nothing more embarrassing than giving a speech at a job interview and not mentioning any job skills that you ha ve been able to develop over the years.Another way that you can include information about yourself in your sample college essay responses is to include testimonials. This will help you to emphasize your ability to interact with others and to be of help to those around you. An example of this could be how you dealt with difficult situations and how you were able to overcome them. You can even include examples of the things that you have learned and be able to pass along to others. Testimonials can be as valuable as a sample essay in creating a clear outline for your future essay.For students who want to go into writing for the newspaper, magazines, and even online publications, they should consider including sample college essay responses in their portfolios. They are much more likely to be hired if they include samples of their work in addition to their full-length published work. If you are going to use samples in your portfolio, then they will be more likely to be called back for interviews.You might also want to include samples in your portfolio in order to get your resume to stand out from all of the other applicants. You will want to emphasize your ability to deliver your own unique perspective on the topic that you are writing for in the essay that you are submitting. The writer's perspective should always be focused on you, because you are the one with the greatest chance of being successful. By using samples in your portfolio, you will be able to show potential employers how well you will be able to communicate your own ideas in an informative manner.Lastly, and most importantly, you want to include samples in your sample college essay responses that will show what you can do to help the college in which you want to apply. Whether it is in the areas of sports, social activities, volunteering, or even helping in the development of the college campus, you want to include your own ideas about how you can best help others. This will help the college not on ly recognize your personal talents but also boost your confidence when you are interviewing for a job. Just because you were a great student in high school does not mean that you are not capable of applying the same hard work that you did when you were in high school into your work for the college.So, by including samples in your college essay responses, you will be able to show your students that you are smart and able to contribute to a high-performing college. As an undergraduate, you want to show your potential to be an excellent student and an exceptional teacher. There is no better way to be sure that you are showing all of these things than by providing samples that demonstrate your own expertise.

Famous Artists Who Moonlight As Ghostwriters - The Writers For Hire

FAMOUS ARTISTS WHO MOONLIGHT AS GHOSTWRITERS It’s no secret that there’s a ton of money in the music industry. In fact, just last year two musicians (Jay-Z and Diddy) made in onto the Forbes Top 10 Wealthiest Celebrities list. It takes a lot of hard work (and luck) to get even close to that kind of success, though. And just like with any profession, most musicians spend years paying their dues and working their way up before they finally get noticed. And for many musicians, â€Å"paying their dues† means letting other people take credit for their work by being ghostwriters. Yes, even musicians use ghostwriters! While it is a fairly well-known fact that a lot of famous musicians don’t actually write their own songs, it may surprise you how many of those songs are actually written by other (sometimes equally well-known) musicians. Take Kelly Clarkson’s massive hit, â€Å"Miss Independent,† for example. It was actually written by none-other than the insanely talented Christina Aguilera. And before Bruno Mars became a household name, he was ghostwriting hits for Ceelo Green and Flo Rida, among others. In fact, some of the most well-known songs of all time were actually written by ghostwriters, and not the artists who made them famous. While on my quest to find ghostwritten songs, I came across quite a few big surprises. For example: Aretha Franklin’s â€Å"Respect† was actually written by the famously soulful RB artists, Otis Redding.While the hit â€Å"Nothing Compares 2 U† conjures up memories of Sinead O’Connor’s heart-wrenching rendition, it was actually written by one of the most recognizable and talented artists of all time: Prince!The 1966 number one hit â€Å"I’m a Believer,† made famous by The Monkees, was written for the band by Neil Diamond.Justin Beiber’s well-known â€Å"Love Yourself† was written by another very famous artist: Ed Sheeran.â€Å"Whataya Want From Me?†, which is arguably the most popular song from artist Adam Lambert, was actually written by Pink.â€Å"Halo† may be one of Beyonce’s most famous songs, but it was actually written by Ryan Tedder, lead singer of the band One Republic.â€Å"It’s Raining Men† made famous by The Weather Girls was surprisingly written by Paul Shaffer, the leader of The David Letterman Show’s band. Big hit songs are not the only things that are ghostwritten by musicians, though. Before they got their big break, several well-known musicians got their start by ghostwriting advertising jingles. I would be shocked to find a person who is not familiar with State Farm’s â€Å"Like a Good Neighbor† jingle, or the catchy â€Å"Stuck on Band-Aid† tune. But, did you know that they were both written by Barry Manilow? Manilow’s jingle portfolio also includes tunes for Pepsi, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Stridex, among others. Barry Manilow is not the only mega-musician to write commercial songs, though. It’s a pretty fair statement to say that basketball fans everywhere would recognize the tune of â€Å"Roundball Rock,† also known as the â€Å"NBA on NBC Theme.† But who would have guessed that the song was written by soft-pop overlord, John Tesh? And although Randy Newman may not be a well-known name, his Pixar contribution of â€Å"You’ve Got a Friend in Me† from Toy Story is sure to ring a bell. A little known fact about Newman, though, is that he also wrote Dr. Pepper’s â€Å"Most Original Softdrink Ever† jingle.

Investigation into theme park rides from a scientific viewpoint Essay Example

Investigation into theme park rides from a scientific viewpoint Essay Example Investigation into theme park rides from a scientific viewpoint Essay Investigation into theme park rides from a scientific viewpoint Essay In this essay investigation will be made into the forces that are acting on the human body when experiencing a theme park ride. Theme park rides have developed considerably within the last twenty years, it is not only the physics of the ride that needs to be considered during the design process but safety aspects also need to be considered, tests need to be taken to find what conditions such as G-forces, speeds and pressure can be withstood by the body. This investigation will be studying the velocity and breaking force of the ride known as The Detonator. Gravitational force, potential energy and kinetic energy all play a role in the experience of the ride and in the right environment can create a situation where the body is in freefall. The Detonator is a ride where passengers are strapped into a car at the bottom of a 30.78m tower, motors apply a force to raise the car to the top of the free-fall tower (this force differs depending on the mass of the riders) when the car arrives at the top of the tower it is suspended; this is the point at which the potential energy is the greatest, the car is then released and the potential energy is transferred into kinetic energy. The Detonator The following points will be investigated: o Velocity o Breaking Force o The relationship free-fall has with other aspects of physics This report will not however be investigating into rollercoaster loops or centripetal force as these do not apply to The Detonator and are too advanced for this piece of writing. Measurements Initial velocity- u Final velocity- v Displacement- s Acceleration- a Mass- m Gravitational force- g Time- t For this report average measurements are used as follows: (All measurements shown to 2 d.p.) Masses- o Child/young adult- 35.00kg o Adult- 65.00kg o Large adult- 90.00kg In an 8:3:1 ratio Mass of car- 10000kg Height of free-fall tower-30.78m Braking distance- 9.32m Calculations All working will be shown in full as an aid to appreciating the full physics of the ride. Due to the ride being in a free-fall situation the acceleration downwards is therefore equal to the gravitational force-9.81ms-2 Initial velocity- 0.00ms-1 Final velocity- v2=u2+2as v2=02+2 X 9.81 X 30.77 v=?603.7074 =24.57045787 24.57ms-1 Breaking Force- The detonator car holds 12 riders at one time. When studying the ride it was noticeable that the average rider ratio is 8 Children:3 Adults:1 Large Adult. I will calculate the braking force for a car full of large adults, a car full of adults and a car full of children. I will then work out what the average braking force would be using the average user ratio. The formula F=ma will be used to find the braking distance, however we do not yet know the acceleration so this will need 2 be found Firstly the acceleration needs to be found, using the following formula: Acceleration- v2=u2+2as a=v2- u2 2s a= 24.570457872 -02 29.23 a= 603.7074 18.46 =32.7035428 a= 32.70 ms-2 Breaking force-(12 children) F=ma F=(1235.00+10000) X 32.7035428 F=10420 X 32.7035428 340770.916 F=340770.92N Breaking force-(12 adults) F=ma F=(1265+10000) X 32.7035428 F=10780 X 32.7035428 =352544.1914 F=352544.19N Breaking force-(12 Large adults) F=ma F=(1290+10000) X 32.7035428 F=11080 X 32.7035428 =362355.2542 F=362355.25N Breaking force-(8 Children:3 Adults:1 Large Adult- Average) F=ma F=(835+365+190+10000) X 32.7035428 F=(280+195+90+10000) X 32.7035428 F=10565 X 32.7035428 =34551.9297 F=34551.93N These calculations are based on the forces used being the only forces acting therefore they may not be as accurate as is possible. To create the most accurate results other forces such as friction will need to be considered. Evaluation The physics used in the theory for The detonator closely relates to that of a falling lift in a tall building -the initial velocity being negative, zero or low and the final velocity being very high and the coming to an abrupt halt, breaking force being the mass of the lift plus the mass of the passengers multiplied by the acceleration. Some lifts travel at the same constant acceleration as gravity so as to be more efficient. When riding the detonator accelerations of up to 5.5g can be experienced (G-force) this means that the person riding the detonator has a force acting on them 5.5 times the size of gravitational force. In the future rides such as this may be made taller or faster, there are however many limitations to designers; if the ride is made taller: o It will be less stable. o More power will be need to lift the car to the top of the tower. o A larger breaking distance will be needed. o More safety equipment will be needed All in all, the detonator has many forces acting upon it and its rider making it an exciting and enjoyable ride.

Powers and limitations given to those in our government Essay

Powers and limitations given to those in our government - Essay Example First and foremost, the legislative along with the executive branch would be heavily involved. The legislative branch would pass legislations to facilitate and address this issue with the collaboration of the President. In this matter, the judicial branch would act last because it serves as a last resort to conflict that occurs within government Lobbying and interest groups are pinnacle of a force that dictates policies and legislations. In political markets, the benefits of a policy may not be readily determined. Lobbying is extremely influential as interest groups and lobbyists can push legislation through congress. Lobbyists are strong and organized. Moreover, they have networks that expand in the white house that allows them to give strong message to the public. With the public behind them, officials are induced to pass legislations. As the current president, President Obama can push much vital legislation that can dramatically address this issue. First and foremost, he can create tax breaks for these corporations in order to facilitate the corporation’s losses. Moreover, he can push legislation that will lower tariffs in oil imports and exports. Furthermore, the logistics industry can get government funding in order to help them in this economic crunch. The Congress can pass hedge bills to facilitate gas and logistic companies. The government can give subsidiary compensation to trucking companies just like they help the farmers. Reducing fuel surcharges to the truckers would tremendously help them also. Truckers can also deduct unexpected losses from their personal income taxes and businesses which can facilitate the process. Supreme court can use reviews to analyze the regulations passed by Congress in order to evaluate if it is unconstitutional law. It has done that previously with cases such as Brown vs Board of Education and Plessy vs Ferguson. The Supreme Court in essence dictates the assurance of

The emergence, opportunities and importance of mobile e-commerce using Essay

The emergence, opportunities and importance of mobile e-commerce using smartphone - Essay Example Businesses have the opportunity to grow big since they are having tremendous amounts of sales just through these smart phones. Taking Amazon for instance, it has been noticed that people all over the world has made â€Å"transactions worth $ 1 Billion through smart phone in the last 12 months† (Johnston, 2010). â€Å"A mobile e-commerce report was released in which it was shown that online shopping has tripled between 2008 and 2009† (Johnston, 2010). In addition, they predicted that there will be a quicker increase in 2010 (Jackie, 2010). It is important for business who does not accept online payments to get themselves online and get mobile compatible to accept mobile orders so that they can take the advantage of increased sales. As mobile usage is continuing to grow and is gaining popularity across the globe, so it is predicted that international E-commerce will also expand as a result. Not only businesses and companies can take advantage of mobile ecommerce, but it i s growing important among the farmers as well. If their tractor breaks down in the middle of the field, so they can always order the other part through mobile, which saves a lot of their time and money. However, some risks involved are that one cannot completely depend on this, as there can be viruses, which can stop the whole business. In addition, it is difficult for some people to view the entire page, as the screen of the smart phone is so small.

Describing The Assessment Process For Hospital Ward Patient Nursing Essay

Describing The Assessment Process For Hospital Ward Patient Nursing Essay The purpose of this assignment is to describe how a nurse assesses a patient admitted to a hospital ward. It will discuss the history of the patient, any pre-existing medical conditions and the reason they were admitted to the ward. It will also describe the hospital setting, the nursing model used, the risk assessment tools and the information collected from the assessment including the needs identified and what can be and will be done. For the purpose of this assignment the patient, healthcare professionals and the trust must remain anonymous, and will be referred to by pseudonyms. This is in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) code, where it clearly states you must respect peoples right to confidentiality (NMC Code, 2008). The patient receiving assessment and care will be referred to as Mrs Ethel Morris. Mrs Ethel Morris was admitted to an orthopaedic trauma ward within the North West. Orthopaedics is the correcting of deformities to the skeletal joints and bones, which have been caused by damage or disease (McFerran, 2008). The ward consisted of many staff, including, nurses, health care assistants, a house officer, medical consultants and physiotherapists. It had three bays, 2 being female, with 8 beds in each and one ten bedded male bay. Also, there were 4 side rooms for patients that needed to be isolated. This was an acute setting with various Orthopaedic conditions, including fractures of all types. The ward admits patients twenty-four hours a day from Accident and Emergency (AE) and transfers from other hospitals. Many of the patients admitted have pre-existing medical conditions, which have to be taken into account alongside their fractures. Ethel was an 82-year-old lady who had fallen whilst she was out shopping with her daughter. She usually walked with a walking stick to aid her balance, but with a previous history of dementia she had forgotten it. Dementia is a progressive deterioration of the brain, caused by structural and chemical changes within the brain. Symptoms include, memory loss, disorientation and changes in personality (Ouldred, 2007). Ethels friend had called an ambulance immediately after the fall, and she was admitted to the ward through accident and emergency. Ethels fall had resulted in a fracture to the neck of femur in her left leg. Marieb (1998) states that the femur is the strongest and largest bone in the body. It consists of a ball, which is known as the head of the femur, which is carried on the neck of femur to the long bone. The neck is the weakest part of the femur. Elderly people are more at risk of falls as their muscles become weaker they become less flexible. This then interferes with their movement and balance, they become more inactive and this increases the risk of falls. (Skelton et al, 1999) Ethel also has osteoporosis, which may have contributed to her fracture. Liscum (1992) states this is the formation of the bone having decreased. Elderly women suffering from osteoporosis, who subsequently sustain a fractured neck of femur, face a fifty percent chance of not walking again. Ethel appeared confused when she arrived on the ward, not knowing how she had come to be in hospital, apart from being aware of the pain and discomfort she was suffering with her hip. The nursing staff reminded Ethel what had happened and checked her drug kardex immediately for pain relief. The doctor who had seen Ethel in AE had written her up for 5ml of oromorph every three hours to control the pain. As oromorph is a controlled drug the nurse checked the dosage with another registered nurse and give it to Ethel orally. Once Ethel was comfortable, the nurse in charge of the bay began the nursing assessment. An assessment is the collection of information from an individual, to establish their needs and develop a clear prospective of their situation. The nursing process relies upon complete and thorough assessments to be a success. A key nursing skill is observing a patient, using all five senses, from listening to gain information, to touching them, assessing their temperature and the condition of their skin (Brooker and Waugh, 2007) Holland et al (2008) also states that an assessment identifies the priority amongst the problems. Data can be collected in a number of different ways, from observing a patient, communicating with them and through their clinical notes. Collection of information can also be made through a secondary source (a relative), if, for example, the primary source (the patient) was unconscious. A named nurse approach was used on the ward; this provides individualised care for the patient from admission to the point of discharge. Named nursing has been developed from primary nursing and is very closely connected to team nursing. (Dawe, 2008) The ward follows a philosophy of care to meet individual needs. Providing patient centred care, meeting individual needs whilst respecting their privacy, dignity, religious and cultural beliefs. They strive to provide high quality care and aim to maximise the potential of individuals to adapt and cope with their conditions. The wards philosophy reflects the National Service Frameworks (NSFs) quality of care. NSFs are in place to improve care in twelve specific areas, including blood pressure, diabetes and mental health. The standards have been implemented nationally and they have all been set certain time scales. (Department of Health (DOH), 2008) The ward uses most of the NSFs depending on which patient they are dealing with. In Ethels case the main ones being blood pressure and older people, which has eight different standards of its own. The nurse firstly recorded Ethels clinical observations, and her saturations appeared to be very low at only 89%. Oxygen saturations are monitored through an electronic device called a pulse oximeter. This reads the oxygen levels of haemoglobin in the arteries and is updated with each pulse (Jevon, 2000). The nurse immediately put her on four litres of oxygen through a nose cannula. A Nose cannula is two small plastic tubes that are inserted into each nostril to administer oxygen. This allows room air to be breathed in at the same time and is secured by tubing over the ears, which fits onto the oxygen cylinder (Brooker and Waugh, 2007). The nurse carried out Ethels assessment by her bedside with the curtains drawn to respect her privacy. As Ethel had dementia her daughter was present for the assessment, to confirm details and help with the process. Barrett et al (2009) states that nurses who carry out disorganized, incomplete assessments, may fail to notice a major concern, or recognize an underlying problem. Nursing models are used in the assessment process in most care settings. They are in place to establish the information that is required, ways it can be gathered for the best results, and the detail that is likely to be more helpful. (Aggleton and Chalmers, 2000) Roper et al (2000) says that models are used to help organize thinking by creating theory. They are global views that have been summarised into systems. There are many different Nursing Models used in clinical settings from Orems self care model to Hendersons model of nursing. Nursing models are used to provide a distinctive framework, to highlight what the patients needs are (Fawcett, 1989). The nursing model used on this ward was Roper Logan and Tierney, Activities of living model. Roper et al (1996) activities of living consists of twelve activities that ensure survival, these are, maintaining a safe environment, communicating, breathing, eating and drinking, eliminating, personal cleansing and dressing, controlling of body temperature, mobilising, working and playing, expressing sexuality, sleeping and dying. These activities are all as important as each other and one cannot be done without another. The impact of illness will affect more than one of these activities. Roper et al (2000) activities of living was first written in 1980 for nursing practice to be introduced to students. At this time there were five concepts in the model that included activities of living, lifespan and individuality in living. The model became the United Kingdoms most popular model and was also widely used throughout Europe. The nurse used a number of risk assessment tools when assessing Ethel. These were, the malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST), waterlow score, falls risk assessment score for the elderly (FRASE) and the Abbey pain scale. The MUST tool is a nutritional screening tool that recognises over nutrition (obesity) and under nutrition (BAPEN, 2008). The MUST tool was developed so nutritional care would improve in all care settings, by the malnutrition advisory group (MAG) of BAPEN. This tool can be applied to all adult patients, even those who are bed bound (BAPEN, 2008). As a result of the MUST screening tool, Ethel was commenced on a fluid balance chart. This measures the quantity of liquid intake, including Intravenous (IV) fluids and drinks, against the total urine output. Also to be monitored was Ethels food intake, this was to be done on a food chart. This needed updating after every mealtime to show how much was being eaten at different times. The waterlow score is to determine whether a patient is at risk of developing a pressure ulcer (Waterlow, 2005). This tool uses a scoring system, based on patients data. The categories include skin type, age, and continence. (Thompson, 2005) Ethels score was sixteen and she was at high-risk of pressure sores, this was due to her age and mobility. Waterlow (2005) first designed this tool for students use in 1985. It is the most frequent risk assessment tool in the United Kingdom (UK), and is used throughout hospitals, nursing homes and within the community. Pressure ulcers are most common in people with bony surfaces, thin skin and an unhealthy diet. Ethel was found to be a high risk of developing a pressure sore, as she was immobile and had tissue paper skin. The nurse commenced her on a turns chart so she would be rolled or moved every three hours to check and relieve her pressure areas. Also a pressure-relieving mattress was ordered for Ethel, this alternates the body areas under pressure by rotating the air throughout the mattress. (Collins, 2004) The FRASE assessment tool is to assess if a patient is at risk of a fall, taking into account their history and their current state. (Bolton NHS, 2003) Connard developed a fall risk assessment for the elderly in 1996; this was then adapted into a hybrid tool, known as the FRASE tool. It is in similar context to the waterlow score as they both use a points scale to assess the patients level of vulnerability (Kinn and Hood, 2001) The nurse carrying out the assessment began Ethel on a falls care plan, as she was at high-risk from having another fall. A member of staff was to update the care plan each day, noting any unsteadiness or falls. This was going to play a greater part after Ethels operation, as for the time being she was bed bound. The Abbey pain scale was developed in Australia to assess patients pain levels. It was used for individuals who had trouble communicating effectively and who suffered from dementia (Turner-stokes and Higgins, 2007). Abbey (2004) researched and developed the abbey pain scale between 1997 and 2002, and wanted it to be a straightforward and effective tool, used by all health care staff. It consisted of six scales to measure pain including physiological changes to changes in body language. Ethels score was seven and her pain level was acute to chronic during the assessment. The nurse had previously administered 5ml of Oromorph, and because of this the abbey scale was to be updated every hour to monitor the success of the pain relief. During the assessment the nurse collected various information from Ethel, including objective and subjective data. Newson (2008) states that objective data is information collected that can be measured such as temperature and blood pressure. The MUST tool was used to measure Ethels weight, and other observations were recorded, including blood pressure which was 142 systolic and pulse of 84; these were all in satisfactory limits. Any data collected outside the normal range would have been given an early warning score. A doctor and the outreach team need informing if a score totals three or above (Baines and Kanagasundaram, 2008). Also collected was Ethels details that included her, address, date of birth, and her medical history. This can be obtained through medical notes. as original records cannot be tampered with and all records made must be clear and accurate (NMC Code, 2008). Subjective data is information that cannot be measured, for example, information that the patient has given about him or herself, or the nurses insight on the patient (Newson, 2008). The nurse asked Ethel questions to gain this information, if she felt nauseas, or in pain and how she felt about what had happened. Also observed was Ethels behaviour to see if she was agitated or frightened, closed body language showed she was as her arms were wrapped around herself. The nurse also looked at and noted the condition of her skin, nails and hair. Due to Ethels dementia she didnt understand very much of what was going on and didnt know how she had ended up on a hospital ward. Short-term memory is affected alongside some long-term memory loss. This affects the ability to communicate with people and can result in the patient asking the same question repeatedly (LEHR, 2006). The nurse had to keep reassuring Ethel about what had happened, how she ended up on the ward and what her plan was. Communication is a key skill in nursing and it is an essential part in building the patient-nurse relationship. The nurse has to gain lots of information from the patient so it is important to know whether there is a communication barrier, such as a hearing problem or if the patient cannot read or speak the same language. They may need to speak more loudly or slowly so the patient can lip-read (Holland et al 2008). McCabe and Timmins, (2006) states that communication should be focused on the patient, rather than task centred. Listening, empathy and support are essential communication skills in nursing, but the main being to develop a relationship with the patient, and nurses should make time to spend with them. Ethels daughter stayed during the assessment process to help the nurse gain accurate information and communicate effectively with Ethel. The nurse had to speak slowly so she understood, and if she looked confused the nurse would reassure her and repeat the question. This process took a long time but it was necessary so Ethel could gain trust in the nurse. This made her feel more relaxed and comfortable as she could feel the warmth that had developed between them. This assignment has shown how a nurse has an important role in assessing, planning and the implementation of patient care. It has shown that nurses have to obtain data by using a various number of different sources, from assessment tools to observing patients behaviour. The nurse must also use a nursing model to help complete full and accurate assessments of patients and their needs. If there is a communication barrier, nurses must be able to overcome it by using an interpreter or picture cards. The needs identified during the assessment process have to be implemented and care plans introduced. Nurses then have a responsibility to keep regularly updating the care plans by re-assessing the patient on a regular basis.